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Abortion in Russia
Abortion in Russia is legal up to the 12th week of pregnancy.〔 (Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 21 ноября 2011 г. N 323-ФЗ )〕 In 1920, Russia became the first country in the world to allow abortion in all circumstances, but over the course of the 20th century, the legality of abortion changed more than once, with a ban being enacted again from 1936 to 1955. Russia had the highest number of abortions per woman of child-bearing age in the world according to UN data as of 2010.〔 In terms of the total number, in 2009 China reported that it had over 13 million abortions,〔(China has more than 13 million abortions a year )〕 out of a population of 1.3 billion, compared to the 1.2 million abortions in Russia,〔 (Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система. Число прерываний беременности )〕 out of a population of 143 million people.
==Abortion in the Russian Empire==
Abortion was illegal in the Russian Empire. The practice is not directly referenced in the Domostroi, though child rearing is a common topic. During Tsar Alexis Romanov's reign the punishment for abortion was death, only later removed by Peter the Great. Abortion continued to be a serious crime until 1917. Through articles 1462 and 1463 of the Russian Penal Code individuals "guilty of the crime could be deprived of civil rights and exiled or sentenced to hard labor."〔Alexandre Avdeev, Alain Blum, and Irina Troitskaya. "The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1900 to 1991." ''Population'' (English Edition) 7, (1995), 39-66.〕 Despite its illegality, "black market" abortions existed. Underground obstetric personnel known (''povival’nye babki'' and ''sel’skie povival’nye babki'', usually translated as midwives and rural midwives, respectively and commonly referred to as simply ''babki'', literally "old women") and ''povitukhi'' (midwives) performed abortions. Not merely abortionists, ''babki'' were trained health care professionals—they served as nurses and midwives in especially rural areas where proper medical service was unavailable.〔Janet, Hyer, "Fertility Control in Soviet Russia, 1920--1936: A Case Study of Gender Regulation and Professionalization. Thesis (Ph.D.)" (University of Toronto, 2007), 33n.〕 Numbers of abortions increased in Moscow two-and-a-half times between 1909 and 1914; the increased frequency of abortions in St. Petersburg was time times higher over the turn of the century, 1897-1912.〔Stites, Richard. ''The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 181.〕 Statistical data from the beginning of the 20th century suggest that the strict laws were rarely enforced. For instance, figures for sentences pronounced during the years before the First World War include: 20 (1910), 28 (1911), 31 (1912), and 60 (1914).〔
In the late Russian Empire, doctors and jurists began to advocate for relaxed abortion laws and increased contraception. The motivation was to make abortions less dangerous.〔I.S. Kon, ''The Sexual Revolution in Russia: From the Age of the Czars to Today'' (New York: The Free Press, 1995), 41.〕 According to historians, the movement to legalize abortion and encourage contraception arose differently than it did in Western Europe. Rather than among the political scene (as in France, for example), proponents came from medical fields.〔 In 1889 the Third Congress of the Pirogov Society, a medical learned society whose works had a resounding influence in Russia, started the discussion on decriminalization of abortion. Others followed: in 1911 the Fourth Congress of the Society of Russian Midwives,〔 in 1913 the Pirogov Society's Twelfth Congress, and in 1914 the Russian group of the International Society of Criminologists came forward supporting decriminalization.〔
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